Case1 King v.BioChem Therapeutic Inc Essay Essay Example

Case1 : King v.BioChem Therapeutic Inc Essay Essay Fact: Dr King is hired by Bio Chem. She signed a particular contract that specifies a period of probation. During this period. she can be let travel but you have to be known the incorrect behaviour in order to be able to rectify it. If the incorrect behaviour persists so your contract will be terminated. Issue: Is the expiration of the contract of Dr King for mistake justified? Ratio Employer version of facts:1st meeting: after 5 months and a half. during this meeting. the direction squad are stating that they told her that she was being unsubordinated 2nd meeting: after 10 months. the direction squad told her that her behaviour was still being non acceptable and that constitutes a 2nd warning Employee version of facts 1st meeting: prohibition period was over ( 5weeks and a half alternatively of 6months ) and she was offered stock options 2nd meeting: she got more stock optionsThe Judgess have now to make up ones mind which narrative is the more believable. the more logical? Based on the fact that the employer version is contradictory. why would person discourse the possibility of holding extra stock option to an employee that is on the 2nd measure to dismissal? A Dr King version makes more sense. We will write a custom essay sample on Case1 : King v.BioChem Therapeutic Inc Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Case1 : King v.BioChem Therapeutic Inc Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Case1 : King v.BioChem Therapeutic Inc Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Issue: Can you relinquish your rights refering employment by subscribing a contract? Ratio: Harmonizing to article 2192: â€Å"the employee may non abdicate his right to obtain compensation for any hurt he suffers where deficient notice of expiration is given or where the mode of resiliation is abusive† . In the instance where an employee renounces one of his rights. it should be really precised and clear. Question: If it was explained more clearly. and was bought to the attending to the employee. could it hold been considered as valid. Because the Judgess are non stating that it is impossible to relinquish employment rights relative to conditions of expiration of contracts but instead that it should be clear and unambiguous. Harmonizing to article 2091. the employee is entitled to sensible notice. Harmonizing to Judgess the minimal notice is merely for really early going. Case 3: Hasanie v. Kaufel Group Ltd. FactThomas A ; Bett Kaufel GroupAfter the acquisition. Hasanie realized that the reorganisation of the group will disregard him. that there were excessively much people making the same occupation. The Kaufel group so offered a bundle for Hasanie since his employment will be terminated shortly. There were still in period of dialogue when Hasanie went into holydays. During this period. Kaufel direction discovered that Hasani was negociating to take over a competition concern. The direction squad hence decided to take the trade out of the tabular array and to fire Hasanie for mistake. Issue: Was this dismissed of Hasanie for serious mistake was just? Ratio: Harmonizing to article 2188. â€Å"the employee is bound non merely to transport on his work with prudence and diligence but besides to move dependably and candidly and non to utilize any confidential information he may obtain in transporting on or in the class of his work† Kaufel’s chief statement is that Hasanie put himself in a place of struggle of involvement and sought to progress his involvements to the hurt of those of his employer. therefore transgressing his responsibility of trueness towards his employer. Hasanie is reasoning that Dynergie is non a rival of Kaufel. He is besides reasoning that he asked his direct superior if he could take this chance. and he agreed. However. the direct supervisor is denying. There is non composing grounds of this mandate. The last statement of Hasanie is that he was a victim of constructive dismissal. Basically a constructive dismissal happens when an employer alterations your working environment. ask foring you to go forth. However. Kaufel argues that they offered chances for growing within the group and that Hasanie was merely waiting for his bundle. Finally they are reasoning that they needed more clip to reorganise the group and assign duties. The Judgess conclude that Hasanie did non set up his instance of holding been dismissed without cause. or holding been constructively dismissed. Case 4: CopyFax v. Lambert The different injunctions Institution of Continuing Final Judgement Provisional InjunctionInterlocutory Injunction Permanent Injunction The probationary injunction is givenbased on exigency criterias. It is used to keep the position quo. The probationary injunction is valid for 10 yearss. Within these 10 yearss. the person has to establish the proceedings and asks for interlocutory injunction. The interlocutory injunction would be valid for the full period of the test. In order to acquire the interlocutory injunction. the justice would foremost look if you have: A clear right Doubtful right: in this instance. you will hold to turn out balance of incommodiousness. They would fundamentally see which of the parties will stop up with the most incommodiousness. with the irreparable injury. Non-existent right: you will non acquire the interlocutory injunction Facts: Claude Lambert. worked for copyfax as a gross revenues representative. However. he was besides working for himself on the side. his employer did non let that hence Lambert decided to vacate. The contract included a non-competitive clause: Lambert was non allowed to work within 25 stat mis of Laval and Montreal for a twelvemonth for the rivals of Copyfax. However. Lambert starts viing in the zone. Copyfax is reasoning that he is utilizing the Copyfax clients. hence besides transgressing the confidentiality clause. They besides included a penal clause of $ 6000 for transgressing the contract. Issue: Should Copyfax be entitled an interlocutory injunction against the former employee Lambert that would restrict him to do concern in the part? Copyax has a dubious right in the instance of the non-competition clause. The Judgess found out that the non-competiting clause was missing of lucidity. The forbidden country is of 25 stat mis of Mtl and Lassale. What is the cardinal point from which the country is calculated. Decision: The employer did non set up that he will endure irreparable injury or hurt if the interlocutory injunction is refuse. and the application of the trial of incommodiousness favours the employee: There is no grounds that the Copyfax ( Petitioner ) patronage was solicited The forbidden country of 25 stat mis would hold the consequence of striping the employee of any realistic possibility of gaining a support given his present fortunes The stipulated continuance of 14 months is inordinate Injunction against his ability to work is denied. The non-competition clause denied 2nd Issue: Should Copyfax be entitled an interlocutory injunction against the usage of the client list They get an interlocutory injunction refering the usage of stuff and confidential information more exactly the clients being owned by the company. Case 5: Medicom Inc. v. Bergeron Medicom has bought a request for an interlocutory. probationary and lasting injunction against Bergeron and Hubert refering the application of the non-competition clauses signed by each of them. Issue: are the non-competition clauses valid? Ratio: For the first non-competitive clause asks a limitation of work worldwide during two old ages with any company that has a similar commercial activity. For the 2nd clause. the limitation is for a period of 3 old ages. for all Canada. for any house with similar commercial activity. Medicom has a non-existent right for the two contracts. There were non able to turn out that there has a legitimate involvement to support refering the non-competition clause. Case 6: Giroux v. Malik Facts: Malik owns a piece of land. you can non construct on it. and he wants to sell it. Giroux decides to purchase the piece of land from Malik. He goes to City Hal to acquire a constructive license but they tell him that nil can be built on this land. Issue: Giroux is inquiring for the cancellation of the sale and some amendss. Ratio: Malik misrepresented the facts. Harmonizing to article 1400. â€Å"error vitiates consent of the parties or of one of them where it relates to the nature of the contract. the object of the prestations or anything that was indispensable in finding that consent† . Malik is reasoning that he did non state anything. that he did non uncover Tell Giroux the fact that you could non construct on the land. but neither lied to him. However. harmonizing to article 1402. fraud can happen through silence. Malik is besides reasoning that his agent. the existent estate agent was cognizant of this fact and hid By beliing the fact. the consent of Giroux refering the sale is vitiated. Harmonizing to article 1419. the contract is considered comparatively void. Giroux can acquire the annulation of the contrat. taking to the parties traveling back to pre-contractual province and he besides get amendss. Case 7: Peter v. Fiasche Facts:Peter ( Mrs Guicciardo ) and her hubby are looking for a safe investing that will guarantee a steady flow of gross for the household as the hubby is retiring shortly. They both know Fiasche that held a smoke-cured meat concern. The two households come from the same part in Italy. The twosome Guiccado is really involvement in purchasing Fiasche as it seems really profitable based on the patrimony acquired by Fiasche over the old ages. Looking at the fiscal statements. it seems a spot dissatisfactory nevertheless Fiashe is stating Guiccado non to worry that he has a particular method to do this concern profitable. He will demo him the fast one but he needs 100 1000 of dollars as a sedimentation to be certain that the twosome is a serious purchaser. In order to acquire the amount of money. Mr Guiccado is seting a mortgage on his house. Fiasche explained him how to distort the fiscal statements in order to minimise the income revenue enhancement to be paid. The twosome begins working in the eating house in order to better understand the concern. However. as the hebdomads base on balls. they realized that Fiasche over evaluated the concern value. Issue: The twosome Guicciardo is reasoning that Fiasche misinterpreted the value of the concern. corrupting their consent. They are inquiring for the revocation of the contract and the damages to position quo. Ratio: Refering the deceit of Fiasche. the Judgess argue that that is non a fraud of deceit but an inexcusable mistake. It was witting unlawful pick from Guicciardo. they could non avoid being cognizant that revenue enhancement equivocation was the root of the eating house supposed profitableness. Inexcusable misunderstanding does non corrupt the consent of the party. In add-on the tribunal is reasoning that the cause of the contract was illicit and against public order as Fiasche desired to enrich himself by selling a deceitful system and the Guicciardos by go oning it. Harmonizing to article 1411. â€Å"a contract whose cause is prohibited by jurisprudence or contrary to public order is null† And harmonizing to article 1422. `†a contract that is void is deemed neer to hold existed. In such a instance. each party is bound to reconstruct to the other the prestations he has received. â€Å" However the important inquiry is whether parties to an illicit should hold the benefit of damages. In this instance. the Judgess ordered for the damages of the 130 thousand dollars to the Guicciardos and the damages of the eating house to Fiasche. Case 8: Intersection Langelier versus Cineplex FactsCarrefour and Cineplex signed a rental. After the rental was signed and before Cineplex even occupied the premises. it approached Carrefour together with representatives of Guzzo to inquire its permission to delegate the rental to Guzzo but it was specified in the contract that Guzzo was suppose to run under Cineplex streamer and follow its criterias for operating theaters. However after a piece. Guzzo decided to run under its ain name. Issue: Carrefour wants to implement the duty contracted by Guzzo in the initial contract to run under Cineplex name. They apply to the tribunal for specific public presentation order Ratio The first statement used by Guzzo is that his consent was given through hurt or fright. If this statement was accepted by the Judgess so the consent of Guzzo was vitiated. taking to the revocation of the contract and hence the cancellation of the duty. However this statement is rejected. the Judgess argue that this fright is portion of the concern environment particularly within a competitory environment. The 2nd statement is that Guzzo signed under false pretensions. intending it was beliing. Again if the statement was accepted by the tribunal. the consent would be vitiated and the duty cancelled. The tribunal rejects this statement. In any instance. guzzo has experiences in the industry and hence the deceit should hold big plenty to call off the contract. The last statement brought up by Guzzo is that this is non a state of affairs that allow for specific public presentation order. There are four different instances where specific public presentation can non be obtained: When the duty has got impossible to execute ( this occurs when the individual responsible for making the duty had an accident and is unable to carry through his duty ) Time has elapsed ( for case. if you are orgnaizing a concert at 7pm on the 3rd of April. after 7pm if the vocalist did non demo up you can necessitate a specific public presentation ) When the belongings vanished When the belongings has left the patrimonyIn all those instances. you can non order specific public presentation. nevertheless you will acquire amendss. Let s see if Cineplex corresponds to any of these four instances: For Guzzo. it is possible to run under Cineplex name as they did during a while The rental is successfully being performed. clip has non elapsed The belongings is still working The landlord still owns the belongingsTherefore in the instance of Guzzo. telling a specific public presentation is allowed. The concluding statement of Guzzo is that Carrefour did non confront any amendss and hence they should non be able to order specific public presentation. The Judgess argue that to implement specific public presentation order. you don’t need to hold faced any amendss. You merely need three conditions for: Valid contracted dutyPerson non carry throughing their dutyYou need non to be in a instance where specific public presentation is non allowed Decision: the tribunal ordered a lasting injunction order enjoining Guzzo to move under Cineplex name. Case 9: Copiscope Inc. and TRM Copy Facts:TRM puts photocopy in other concern in return for some royalties. They signed contract of adhesion with those concerns. that include a non-compete clause. This clause is stating that the parties subscribing those contracts can non contract with rivals for a period of 1 old ages in order to protect the trade secrets shared with those clients. Recently. Copiscope has been beging concern operators who had antecedently contracted with TRM to end their contract and has begun to put photocopies in those concerns. Issue: TRM is inquiring for interlocutory injunction for the regard of its non-compete clause. Ratio The test justice concluded that TRM had a dubious right. The justice in entreaty is looking at the non-competitive compact to judge whether TRM has a clear. dubious or non existing right. To make that they are looking at the cogency of the noncompetition compact: The justice is reasoning that TRM has no legitimate involvement to support as they do non portion any trade secret with the concern they are undertaking with. They are reasoning that the limitations set out in the compact are extortionate and are grossly inordinate for the sensible protection of TRM. The Judgess are reasoning that this clause if abusing. Harmonizing to article 1437. â€Å"an opprobrious clause in a consumer or contract of adhesion is null† As it is a nonexistent right. they don’t acquire an injunction Case 10: Harris v. Ostromogilski Facts:Harris is renting a cab from O. . and every hebdomad. he comes to his topographic point to pay for the rental. One dark. there was a difference. Harris got injured. Issue: each party version differs greatly. the Judgess have to measure the credibleness of each version of Acts of the Apostless and determine who was responsible. O. argues that Harris felt while seeking to run out the house. and hurt himself. Harris version is that O. beat him with his fists. Harris hurts are uncontested facts. Sing all Harris hurts from the laceration of the left oculus. to the laceration behind the right ear. to a haematoma on the right cheek and a fractured rib. the version of Harris is more believable. The tribunal concludes that Harris version is more believable. Therefore O. will hold to pay compensatory amendss that include bodily. moral and material amendss. The amendss include the cost of the shirt torned during the affray. the loss of income during two hebdomads. the hurting and the agony and the broken spectacless. Refering punitory amendss. they will non be award because O. has already been condemned for this mistake in condemnable tribunal. You can’t have a dual hazard. be condemned twice for the same discourtesy. Case 11: Walker vs Singer Facts:Walker and Singer were holding a love matter. While Walker was outside the metropolis. Singer destroyed Walker apparels. Police investigated the missing apparels and charged her for mischievousness. intending an offense against belongings. She goes to condemnable tribunal. she pleaded guilty and she got absolute discharge. Then Singer attacked Walked in condemnable tribunal for sexual assault. Walker went to tribunal and won his instance. Now Walker decided to attacker Singer into civil tribunal for false accusals. Issue: Walker is seeking compensations. RatioHe is reasoning that these false accusals had a direct consequence of his impossibleness to be in a relationship. He besides caused him emphasis and anxiousness and damaged his repute. Walker is besides inquiring for punitory amendss. Singer was neer sentenced in condemnable tribunal therefore she can be awarded punitory amendss. She will be responsible for compensatory moral A ; material amendss ( compensatory amendss ) and punitory amendss. Case 11: Farmakis and Canadian Tire FactsHe bought a measure ladder at Canadian Sur. He shipped it from Canada to Greece to restitute his house. He felt from the ladder and broke his heel. Issue: Farmakis is reasoning that Canadian Tyre is apt for his accident and is inquiring for amendss. Ratio: The married woman sent back the ladder from Greece to Canada. The attorney got the ladder inspected from an expert in metal. In the adept study. he argues that the measure ladder had a pre-purchase default. However. the two travels of the ladder leave ample chance for harm to the ladder caused by beginnings other than the suspect. The 2nd statement used by Farmakis is that the maker did non state the victim that he should non mount if he was more than 200 lbs. However. this information was indicated on the spines that were on the ladder. The spine is losing but there are groundss that the four spines were present on the ladder antecedently. Decision: Farmakis action is dismissed. Case 12: Walford v. Jacuzzi Canada.Fact:The household had a four-foot deep pool and a slide. The Dendranthema grandifloruom told the teenage miss non to skid the caput foremost. However. the adolescent miss did non listen. She broke her cervix and stop up in quadriplegia. Issue: The household is actioning Jacuzzi for failure to warn of danger. Pioneer employees were non asked whether or non a four pes pool and a 10 pes slide could be used together However the tribunal found carelessness on the portion of Jacuzzi for neglecting to give equal warnings to users of the slide of the utmost dangers of serious hurt from improper usage. The Judgess are first measuring who is the direct and immediate cause of the accident. The Judgess concluded that non listening to her Dendranthema grandifloruom was the direct and immediate mistake that caused the accident. The instance went in entreaty. The tribunal decided to divide the mistake between the Dendranthema grandifloruom and the pool company for conducive carelessness: their deficiency of warnings. 75 % of amendss are claimed against the pool company and 25 % against the Dendranthema grandifloruom. Case 13: Morse A ; Cott drink FactThe miss tried to writhe the cap of a bottle of Cott drink. She could non. therefore she took a nutcracker. The cap blew in her oculus and caused serious amendss to her oculus. Issue: Is Cott drink liable for the hurt and the ensuing hurting? Ratio: The maker of the cap procedure gave a manual to Cott drink refering the cresting procedure: the Alcoa system. It is clearly stated that the remotion torsion should be between 5 and 14 inch lbs. However. the twenty-four hours of the hurt. the records from the fabricating procedure of Cott shows that for 16 out of 24 bottles testicles was above the recommended interval. The record farther indicated that no accommodation was taken to guarantee the production was within the specified tolerances. Within the manual. it is besides indicated that: †bottles may non be openable by manus. This may ensue in hurt if the closing is improperly removed utilizing a tool or some other devices. â€Å" The justice concludes that Cott has breached the statutory guarantees of acceptable quality and fittingness. She besides concludes that Cott committed a gross carelessness. Therefore harmonizing to article 1469. the maker is responsible for bodily. moral and material amendss ( compensatory amendss ) : Loss of income PrescriptionGeneral amendssIn add-on. the Judgess award the maker punitory amendss or model amendss because they released inherently unsafe merchandises and thereforeendangering the safety of the populace. They had to pay to dual sum of general amendss or compensatory amendss ( 18000 ) in model amendss ( 36000 ) .

Anne Bradstreets To My Dear and Loving Husband Essays

Anne Bradstreets To My Dear and Loving Husband Essays Anne Bradstreets To My Dear and Loving Husband Paper Anne Bradstreets To My Dear and Loving Husband Paper This technique not 0 only elevates the earthly love she has for her husband to that of a divine calling, but also expire sees a deeper understanding of our duties on Earth as Christians and gives a fuller understand ending of what God is calling us to do. Anne Breadbaskets poem wastes no time in making connections between hum an love and communion with God by alluding to scripture in the first line. She writes, If e overwrote were one, then surely we. The Gospel of Mark, which all puritans would be familiar wit h calls man to leave his parents and become one with his wife saying, So they are no longer two, but one less (NIB). Amongst the Puritan community, marriage was a sacred union a ND husbands and wives were expected to follow biblical teachings concerning the love bet a man and a Damasks 2 woman. This spousal love was meant to point beyond itself to the glory d and serve to be a living example of Gods love for the church and its members. With this if e, Broadsheet sets the stage to express this poems consistent theme depicting the speaker p love for her husband as something ordained by God, serving to emulate Gods deep or his children. Later in this poem, Broadsheet writes, My love is such that rivers cannot h. Again Broadsheet is on the surface, expressing her love and desire for her hush while referencing Salmons Song of Songs verse 8: 7, Many waters cannot quench love; RI Anton sweep it away (NIB). Salmons Song of Songs is biblical poetry describing Christ e and marriage to the its bride, the Church. However, it is more than just this. This scrip s a blueprint for how a man and wife should love each other. Hence Salmons Song of S shares the same theme of that of Anne Breadbaskets To My Dear and Loving Husband, in that its discussing the parallelisms between spousal love and spiritual love. An example of boot parallel and a blueprint for marriage are noted in the line of Breadbaskets poem that ere Thy love is such I can no way repay. Broadsheet mirrors the line in Salmons song Of son. ICC reads, If one were to give all the wealth of ones house for love, it would be utterly SC (NIB song of Songs 8:8). The speaking voice clearly wants her Puritan audience to ma injections between the love of a wife for a husband and the love that Christ has for his child Anne Broadsheet, a devout puritan, writes as an ardent appeal both for romantic love, as well as a plea for an everlasting spirit both with her Cubans as well as with God.

Muslim Australians in Islamic Banking Research Paper

Muslim Australians in Islamic Banking - Research Paper Example In the next section, the author describes his survey. He explains the procedure he undertook that started from the selection of 300 Muslim Australians that included only those who (a) came from a Muslim background, and were practicing Muslims, (b) currently owned a bank account in Australia, (c) were interested in Islamic banking products, and (d) gainfully employed. He then distributed to them a questionnaire consisting of yes and no questions. Based on the answers, he modeled the probability of observing a 1 i.e. a 'yes' answer, as a function of F. In the subsequent sections, following regression analysis on the data, he tabulated the results obtained into different formations making it very easily interpretable by anybody reading the paper. To further clarify the tabulated data, he extensively analyses the results pointing out important findings from the research and drawing conclusions from it. The last two sections of the research namely, Implications and Conclusions respectively, summarize the results of the paper and include the different view points and misunderstandings of the Muslim Australians with regards to the concept of profit-and-loss sharing Islamic banking products. This is an excellent ... ning the author's attempt to determine the willingness of the Australian Muslims to purchase profit-and-loss sharing Islamic banking products instead of opting for earnings from interest which, according to Islamic laws, is forbidden. The sample size in the research should have been bigger as the selected sample of 300 Australian Muslims that only makes up about 0.11% of the population, (considering a population of more than 281,000 Australian Muslims at the time of survey) would not rightly justify any sweeping statement given from the obtained results. However, the author's critical analysis through out the paper, backed by mathematical procedures, is inspiring and convincing enough for the reader to believe in what the paper concludes. The introduction section gives a brief overview of why the research was conducted and what the paper is about. The author introduces the concept of interest-free banking providing a brief history of its evolvement. He explains in it, the necessity of having banks providing interest free profit-and-loss sharing products to cater the growing population of Muslims in Australia as it would be beneficial not only for the Australian Muslims but also for the banks that should the growing needs for customized services for people. In the next section, the author introduces some terminologies associated with Islamic banking. The terms have been clearly and precisely explained for the reader. This section enlightens the reader about different forms of Islamic banking. Following in this well structured paper is the Methodology section which explicitly explains to the reader the research method adopted. The author superfluously states the focus of the research. A sample of 300 Muslims was chosen and given a questionnaire to be filled. The

The future of the Health Information Profession Research Paper

The future of the Health Information Profession - Research Paper Example mands in that field have been on the increase and the lowest qualifications being required by most health care organizations is a Master’s degree due to the advancement of the technology as well as changes in the relevance of the field and the increase demand for such professionals (Green and Bowie, 2010). Due to the high demand and the low supply, the Health Information Managers salaries have increased with more than $25,000 per annum with the lowest paid Health Information Managers who is also a Bachelor’s degree holder is $75,000 and this is still on the increase as long as the demand still remains high. The remunerations increase with the increase in educational level and job experience. The job roles and duties of the Health Information Managers have also been changing. Previously, their work majorly involved data entry in the hospitals but with time and currently, their duties has increased and become more complicated to include duties such as managing the patients’ records, administration of computer information systems and coding procedures to all the health care service providers’ not necessarily just hospitals as before. They are also required to link data and information on health data electronically to the department of health and hospitals for more efficient and effective health care service delivery (Zeng, Reynolds and Sharp, 2009). As mentioned above, Health Information Management is a very fast growing and most in demand career field due to its integration with technology. According to the Chicago Tribune, there are several more advanced and higher paying job opportunities lined up for now and in future for the Health Information Managers (Lee, 2013). These prospective future careers include home health care services, nursing care facilities, the outpatient care centres (McWay, 2013). There are also jobs as compliance risk managers in other health care organizations and whose role is meant to alleviate the health care conditions for the

Pacoima City Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Pacoima City - Research Paper Example It is the state of the city which determines whether the areas safe for living that is in terms of physical factors and social factors which are known as city form. Analysing political and social factors clearly describe how the city looks like and it will be so important for investors and people who may have interest in taking part in the activities of the city. Walkability is defined as a measure of how an area is friendly for walking. Walkability has many economic benefits, environmental benefits and health benefits. Walkability is influenced by a number of factors; these factors include the absence or the presents of quality sidewalks, footpaths or other right of way of pedestrians, road and traffic conditions, building accessibility, and land use patterns among others. Pedestrian travel provides both individuals and society with a wide range of benefits. Planners and public health officials alike have been promoting policies that improve the quality of the built environment for pedestrians: mixed land uses, interconnected street networks, sidewalks and other facilities (Cao, 2006). Whether such policies will prove effective remains open to debate. In particular, two issues need further attention. First, the impact of the built environment on pedestrian behaviour may depend on the purpose of the trip, whether for the purposes of utilitarian or recreational. Second, the connection between the built environment and pedestrian behaviour may be more a matter of residential location choice than of travel choice (Cao, 2006). This study aims to provide new evidence on both questions. Studies have found out that although residential self-selection impacts both types of trips, it is the most important factor explaining walking to a destination for instance, shopping. After accounting for self-selection, neighbourhood characteristics, more specifically the perceptions of these characteristics, impact strolling frequency, while characteristics of local commercial area s are important in facilitating these trips such as shopping. Additionally, walkability has proved to have more community health benefits and individually, those activities appears to increase the number of friends and the number of people to associate with in life and also social interaction at large. Carbon monoxide emissions will be reduced because when people prefer walking opposed to driving there will be less emission of carbon gases. Walkability has also economic benefits apart from other benefits, this include the accessibility, it saves cost to both the public and individuals, it will increase the use of land and there will be no land to be wasted, increase in liveability and also the economic benefits which will be found by improving public and individual health and economic developing among the other benefits. The benefits are mostly guaranteed to the entire city not only limited to certain routes which are specialized. According to the American institute for cancer resea rch and the world cancer research fund they released their report that the people should be encouraged walking, because that walking will decrease the cancer infection. Literature Review Walkability is that measure of how a particular area is friendly to walking. It has health-wise, economic and environmental benefits. There are many factors that influence walkability which include land use patterns, building accessibility, traffic and

Isolation of Casein from Milk and Powdered Milk

Isolation of Casein from Milk and Powdered Milk 1.1 Introduction (Walsh, 2002) stated that, proteins are biological macromolecules composed of amino acids proteins consist of one or more polypeptide which are the chain of amino acids interconnected by peptide bonds.Alberts et al., (2013) detailed that, amino acids of proteins is either hydrophobic or hydrophilic in nature. Therefore the resulting polypeptide chain shows an amphipathic characteristic. Hydrophilic amino acids exist peripherally in some biological system and they are highly water soluble. Whereas some amino acid does not exist the polar groups to the environment. ‘’The most important factors that influence protein solubility are structure, size, charge and the solvent‘’ (Burgess, and Deutscher, 2009). Also Burgess, and Deutscher (2009) stated that, once the precipitation obtained, the solution can be separated by centrifugation or precipitation. ‘’Protein precipitates are aggregates of protein molecular large enough to be visible and to be collected by centrifugation. The distribution of hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues at the surface of a protein determines its solubility properties‘’. (Rosenburg, 2006). Precipitation is mainly done for concentrate the target protein. And it is attained by adding reagents such as salts (ammonium sulfate) or organic solvents (acetone or ethanol). (Hatti-Kaul and Mattiasson, 2003) 1.1.1 Isolation of casein Milk contains three kinds of proteins: caseins, lactalbumins, and lactoglobulins, all of which are globular proteins. (Spurlock, 2014). Ahluwalia and Dhingra, (2005) stated that, Casein is a combination of phosphoproteins presenting in milk and cheese.it is existing to the amount of 3% in milk along with 4-5% of lactose and 3-4% of fats and the rest is water. Caseins exist in micelles which are composed of sub micelles linked by the characteristic of hydrocolloid which are freely suspended in the aqueous phase of milk. (Tarte, 2009). Casein can be electrophoretically fractioned into four major components: alpha-, beta-, gamma-and kappa- casein. Casein develops precipitation from milk at pH 4.6, which has a negative charge when compare to the pH of the milk. Therefor it can be precipitate as salt by adding acids. (Miller, Jarvis and McBean, 2006). 1.2 Objectives To learn the methods of protein precipitation and to relate the solubility of protein with its structure. To learn the methods of isolation of casein from milk and to determine the percentage of casein presented in the (powdered) milk. 1.3 Materials Test tubes Beakers Pipette Clamp Filtering paper Electronic balance Watch glass Bunsen burner Albumin sample Ammonium sulfate Sodium hydroxide Copper sulfate Ethanol Picric acid Lead nitrate Powdered milk Warm water 1.4 Methodology 1.4.1 Precipitation by salts Albumin, 3.00ml was taken into a test tube, ammonium sulfate was added to it and was mixed until the solution gets saturated. The solution was allowed to stand for about 5 minutes and filtered by using filter paper. The biuret test was done to the filtered solution. 3.00 ml of filtered solution was taken into another test tube and same amount of NaOH was added to it, CuSO4 was added drop by drop. 1.4.2 Precipitation by organic solvents Albumin, 1.00 ml was taken into a test tube using a pipette. And 4.00 ml of ethanol was added .the solution was mixed well and was allowed to stand. 1.4.3 Precipitation by acidic agents Picric acid solution, 1.00 ml was added into 1.00ml of albumin solution. 1.4.4 Precipitation by heavy metal ions Lead nitrate, 8 drops were added into 1.00 ml of albumin. 1.4.5 Precipitation by heat and acid Albumin, 10 ml was taken into a test tube and the upper part of the solution was held over the Bunsen flame. After the observation few drops of 1% acetic acid were added. 1.4.6 Isolation of casein Powdered milk (non-fat), 17.5 g was weighed by using electronic balance and was dissolved by adding 62.5 ml of warm water in a 200ml beaker. Acetic acid (10%) was added in a drop wise manner with stirring until the liquid changes in to clear solution. the obtained solution was filtered by using clamp, filtering material and beaker. The yield casein was allowed to dry and was weighed using electronic balance. Biuret test was done for the filtered solution. 3.00 ml of filtered solution was taken into another test tube and same amount of NaOH was added to it, CuSO4 was added drop by drop. 1.5 Results Test Observation Interference Precipitation by metal ions White color precipitation Proteins can be precipitated by metal ions(positive for proteins) Precipitation by heat and acid Initially cloudy white precipitation was observed on the upper part of the solution and by adding acetic acid white color precipitation was observed. Proteins can be precipitate by heat and acid(positive for proteins) Precipitation by organic solvents White color precipitation was observed Proteins can be precipitate by organic solvents(positive for proteins) Precipitation by acidic agent White color precipitation was observed Proteins can be precipitate by acidic agents. (positive for proteins) Precipitation of salts Biuret test White color precipitation was observed. Purple color ring was observed Proteins can be precipitate by salts. Positive for proteins. Isolation of casein Biuret test for filtration Casein 13.01g was weighed Purple color ring was formed in filtered casein solution Yield %= Ãâ€" 100 = Ãâ€" 100 = 74.30% Positive for proteins. 1.6 Discussions Precipitation of protein can be obtained by isoelectric precipitation method. ‘’isoelectric precipitation is the most widely used method’ (Fox and McSweeney, 2003). Proteins can be precipitated by bringing their pH to its isoelectric point in which protein solubility is very low. (Shankara, 2008) Proteins can be precipitate by salts in two ways, half saturation with ammonium sulfate and full saturation with ammonium sulfate. Rashmi, (2002) stated that, different proteins show different precipitation reaction towards diverse agents. The full saturation with ammonium sulfate was done in the laboratory. Also the filtrate was tested by biuret reagent, resulted purple color. ‘Compounds with two or more peptide bonds give a violet color with alkaline copper sulfate’ (Rashmi, 2002) Proteins are strong in solution when they are enclosed by entirely hydrogen-bonded water molecules, as water molecules with additional hydrogen bonding ability have greater entropy and are more aggressive. (Chaplin, 2014) hydrated sphere decrease the non -polarity. Higher the diameter of the sphere higher the solubility. For an example, it is easy to precipitate globulin from proteins by adding salts, than albumin because globulin has small diameter of hydrated sphere when compare to albumin. The similar concept is used in precipitating proteins by organic solvents and acidic agents. Organic solvents remove the hydrated sphere and decrease solubility resulting increase precipitation. Acids neutralize the polarity of the hydrated sphere and decrease solubility in order to increase precipitation. Denaturation occur on heating or adding acidic agents to proteins. Therefor its change the polarity of a protein by changing the arrangements of polar and non-polar groups within the molecule. Less polarity decrease the solubility and increases the precipitation. Precipitation by heavy metal ions lead nitrate was used instead of lead acetate or mercuric nitrate. Shankara(2008) stated that, metal ions which are positively charged interrelate with negatively charged groups of the protein producing precipitation as metal-proteinate complex. According to the percentage of yield and from the result of biuret test of the filtrate, there can be some proteins present in the filtrate. Because, the milk contains about 3.5% protein by weight and of the total protein, about 80% is casein and 20% is whey protein. (Miller, Jarvis and McBean, 2006) Filtration of casein can be done in two ways. Such as, gravitational filtration and sucktional filtration. 1.7. Conclusion Proteins were precipitated by using metal ions, heat, organic solvents, acidic agents and salts. The percentage of yield casein of the sample is 74.30%. References Ahluwalia, V. and Dhingra, S. (2005). College Practical Chemistry. [Online] Google Books. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=1OgRECl_nwMCpg=PA276dq=isolation+of+caseinhl=ensa=Xei=s0rBU_jZEtOzuATSzICACgved=0CCYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=isolation of caseinf=false [Accessed 12 Jul. 2014]. Alberts, B., Bray, D., hopkin, K., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Walter, P. (2013). Essential Cell Biology, Fourth Edition. [Online] Google Books. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=Cg4WAgAAQBAJpg=PA371dq=proteins+and+hydrophilic+and+hydrophobichl=ensa=Xei=oj7BU-jdAYaUuATRyYCwDgved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepageq=proteins and hydrophilic and hydrophobicf=false [Accessed 12 Jul. 2014]. Burgess,, R. and Deutscher, M. (2009). Guide to Protein Purification. [Online] Google Books. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=f6Lp4yna4hoCpg=PA118dq=protein+precipitationhl=ensa=Xei=W-jAU4icLtChugSK0IDoDgredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=protein precipitationf=false [Accessed 12 Jul. 2014]. Chaplin, M. (2014). Home | London South Bank University. [Online] Www1.lsbu.ac.uk. Available at: http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/ [Accessed 13 Jul. 2014]. Fox, P. and McSweeney, P. (2003). Advanced Dairy Chemistry: Volume 1: Proteins, Parts AB. [Online] Google Books. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=RMNkAc5PkVECpg=PA5dq=isoelectric+precipitation+of+proteinhl=ensa=Xei=MmPBU4yaIs-SuATO_IKIBgved=0CCsQ6AEwAw#v=onepageq=isoelectric precipitation of proteinf=false [Accessed 12 Jul. 2014]. Hatti-Kaul, R. and Mattiasson, B. (2003). Isolation and Purification of Proteins. [Online] Google Books. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=CdHn45QCU_8Cpg=PA226dq=protein+precipitationhl=ensa=Xei=W-jAU4icLtChugSK0IDoDgredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=protein precipitationf=false [Accessed 12 Jul. 2014]. Miller, G., Jarvis, J. and McBean, L. (2006). Handbook of Dairy Foods and Nutrition, Third Edition. [Online] Google Books. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=5tleQ0aLJvoCpg=PA1dq=components+of++milkhl=ensa=Xei=RQzCU8_-EI-_uAS2kYCQBwved=0CD0Q6AEwBw#v=onepageq=components of milkf=false [Accessed 13 Jul. 2014]. Rashmi, J. (2002). A Textbook of Practical Biochemistry. [Online] Google Books. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=wBfAshZ3ZaUCprintsec=frontcoverdq=bio+chemistry+lab+practicalshl=ensa=Xei=XGrBU6i9ENWRuASr9oL4Bwved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=bio chemistry lab practicalsf=false [Accessed 12 Jul. 2014]. Rosenburg, (2006). Protein Analysis and Purification. [Online] Google Books. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=gi-UgCF8G6ECpg=PA143dq=protein+precipitationhl=ensa=Xei=W-jAU4icLtChugSK0IDoDgredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=protein precipitationf=false [Accessed 12 Jul. 2014]. Shankara, (2008). Practical Biochemistry 2008. [Online] Google Books. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=nPphGdHO_XcCprintsec=frontcoverdq=bio+chemistry+lab+practicalshl=ensa=Xei=XGrBU6i9ENWRuASr9oL4Bwved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepageq=bio chemistry lab practicalsf=false [Accessed 12 Jul. 2014]. Spurlock, D. (2014). Deborah Spurlocks Chemistry Homepage. [Online] Homepages.ius.edu. Available at: http://homepages.ius.edu/DSPURLOC/ [Accessed 12 Jul. 2014]. Tartà ©, R. (2009). Ingredients in Meat Products. [Online] Google Books. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=C-wrQaaXxj0Cpg=PA132dq=principle+of+milk+proteinhl=ensa=Xei=lgjCU_DhDZGTuASf_oGoAgved=0CCcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=principle of milk proteinf=false [Accessed 13 Jul. 2014]. Walsh, G. (2002). Proteins. [Online] Google Books. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=EXTEjL2wTnYCprintsec=frontcoverdq=proteinhl=ensa=Xei=oEjBU4nXFZeTuAS62YGYDQved=0CD8Q6AEwBg#v=onepageq=proteinf=false [Accessed 12 Jul. 2014].

What Should Be the Relationship Between Teachers and Students? :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

What Should Be the Relationship Between Teachers and Students? Classroom by definition is a place where students meet to study the same subject. A teacher, who took a leadership role in leading discussions and getting students to be involved in learning the subject taught, controlled this environment at one time. Now a days, the role of a teacher in a classroom environment has been reversed. Students are allowed to take the leadership role in creating and leading discussions. Just as roles of the teacher and a student have changed in a classroom over the years, so have the relationships between a student and a teacher. Many years ago, as we have read and heard, student teacher relationships have been very formal, distant, and the teacher's judgement was accepted. With almost 21 years of experience as a student, I have come to learn the relationship between student and teacher can vary depending on many characteristics. Since everyone has a different background and a different character, it is almost difficult to say how a teacher should relate t o a student or vice versa. I do believe that student teacher relationship should be professional, yet not so professional that students fear to approach. Teacher, student relationship should be formal, yet inviting. Teacher student relationship should definitely not be judgmental, and it should allow the teacher on her or his part to take time to get to know the student. At one time, about six years ago I took an economics course, which was a lower division course, it was apparently taught by one of the professors who had a very reputable standing in the department of economics. I would never forget how this professor always came to work looking very professional, wearing attire that did not seem to suit the environment. He was overly professional looking compared to other professors on campus, so it made him stand out. This look apparently had students talking about how unapproachable this professor was. No one dared to approach and ask him a question because it would only make anyone appear foolish if they did. His attitude at the beginning of the year had also thrown off many students. The fact that he would say to a student just coming into the classroom wearing his hat backwards, "Those who wear their hats backwards, their brain is backwards!" I personally did not get to know this professor because it was obvious that his intent was to just lect ure and leave.

Hamlet: What If

He would then later not have seen Aphelia being carried off into her grave. Here Hamlet fought with Alerts about how many crocodiles that they would eat to prove their love to Aphelia. Alerts would not have been back if Aphelia and Polonium had not died. This anger during this funeral lead This duel is an integral part of the play because of the very many events that occur in correlation to one another. Prior to the duel, Claudia and Alerts set up the several ways and backups for Hamlet to be killed. First they poisoned and sharpened the epee that Alerts would use.If Alerts did not strike Hamlet, they would use a poisoned chalice that Hamlet could drink from between rounds. During the duel, Hamlet wins the first two rounds (which does not matter), refusing the chalice twice. If he did not refuse, then Gertrude would have never drank from it, killing herself. A controversial topic is why she drank from it. Did she not know better? Was she suicidal? Did she do it to save Hamlet? Hamlet knew that Claudia was out to get him after his mother died to the poisoned chalice that was offered to him.In the third round, in the confusion of rage, he is poked by Alerts' poisoned epee. â€Å"It is here, Hamlet. Hamlet, thou art slain; No medicine in the world can do thee good. In thee there is not half an hour of life. The treacherous instrument is in thy hand, Unabated and envenomed. The foul practice Hath turned itself on me. Lo, here I lie, Never to rise again. Thy mother's poison's. I can no more. The King, the King's to blame. â€Å"Knowing the imminence of death, Hamlet then killed King Claudia of Denmark using he poisoned epee out of revenge for both of his parent's.Alerts dies also from the poison-point. Hamlet is the last to die from the poison, in Hortatory arms, naming Fortifiers the new king of Denmark. This is the only way the duel scene could have played out, the only variables were Gertrude drinking the poison (and her knowledge of it) and Hamlet getting poke d by Alerts' poisoned point. If Gertrude DID know about the conspiracy to kill Hamlet, she could have been possible for to have thrown herself in front of Alerts' point. Either way, she would not have gotten out alive.If here was no way for her to live, then Hamlet would have always killed Claudia. If Hamlet did not get poisoned, then he would have ruled Denmark. However, the â€Å"hero† living at the end of a tragedy is not characteristic of Shakespearean plays. Hamlet would have probably killed himself at the end, anyways, with his mother, lover, and still yet his father, dead. Shakespeare was well aware of how multiple outcomes could play out and probably made a hundred drafts of his play, trying to make it the most attention- grabbing possible. He, as proven, had most definitely succeeded in doing so.

Atlantic Telegraph Cable Timeline

Atlantic Telegraph Cable Timeline The first telegraph cable to cross the Atlantic Ocean failed after working for a few weeks in 1858. The businessman behind the audacious project, Cyrus Field, was determined to make another attempt, but the Civil War, and numerous financial problems, interceded. Another failed attempt was made in the summer of 1865. And finally, in 1866, a fully functional cable was placed that connected Europe to North America. The two continents have been in constant communication since. The cable stretching thousands of miles under the waves changed the world profoundly, as news no longer took weeks to cross the ocean. The nearly instant movement of news was a huge leap forward for business, and it changed the way Americans and Europeans viewed the news. The following timeline details  major events in the long struggle to transmit telegraphic messages between continents. 1842: During the experimental phase of the telegraph, Samuel Morse placed an underwater cable in New York Harbor and succeeded in sending messages across it. A few years later, Ezra Cornell placed a telegraph cable across the Hudson River from New York City to New Jersey. 1851: A telegraph cable was laid under the English Channel, connecting England and France. January 1854: A British entrepreneur, Frederic Gisborne, who had run into financial problems while trying to place an undersea telegraph cable from Newfoundland to Nova Scotia, happened to meet Cyrus Field, a wealthy businessman and investor in New York City. Gisbornes original idea was to transmit information faster than ever between North America and Europe by employing ships and telegraph cables. The town of St. Johns, on the eastern tip of the island of Newfoundland, is the closest point to Europe in North America. Gisborne envisioned fast boats delivering news from Europe to St. Johns, and the information quickly being relayed, via his underwater cable, from the island to the Canadian mainland and then onward to New York City. While considering whether to invest in Gisbornes Canadian cable, Field looked closely at a globe in his study. He was struck with a far more ambitious thought: a cable should continue eastward from St. Johns, across the Atlantic Ocean, to a peninsula jutting into the ocean from the west coast of Ireland. As   connections were already in place between Ireland and England, news from London could then be relayed to New York City very quickly. May 6, 1854: Cyrus Field, with his neighbor Peter Cooper, a wealthy New York businessman, and other investors,  formed a company to create a telegraphic link between North America and Europe. The Canadian Link 1856: After overcoming many obstacles, a working telegraph line finally reached from St. Johns, on the edge of the Atlantic, to the Canadian mainland. Messages from St. Johns, on the edge of North America, could be relayed to New York City. Summer 1856: An ocean expedition took soundings and determined that a plateau on the ocean floor would provide a suitable surface on which to place a telegraph cable. Cyrus Field, visiting England, organized the Atlantic Telegraph Company and was able to interest British investors to join the American businessmen backing the effort to lay the cable. December 1856: Back in America, Field visited Washington, D.C., and convinced the U.S. government to assist in the laying of the cable. Senator William Seward of New York introduced a bill to provide funding for the cable. It narrowly passed through Congress and was signed into law by President Franklin Pierce on March 3, 1857, on Pierces last day in office. The 1857 Expedition: A Fast Failure Spring 1857: The U.S. Navys largest steam-powered ship, U.S.S. Niagara sailed to England and rendezvoused with a British ship, H.M.S. Agamemnon. Each ship took on 1,300 miles of coiled cable, and a plan was devised for them to lay the cable across the bottom of the sea. The ships would sail together westward from Valentia, on the west coast of Ireland, with the Niagara dropping its length of cable as it sailed. At mid-ocean, the cable dropped from the Niagara would be spliced to to the cable carried on the Agamemnon, which would then play out its cable all the way to Canada. August 6, 1857: The ships left Ireland and began dropping the cable into the ocean. August 10, 1857: The cable aboard the Niagara, which had been transmitting messages back and forth to Ireland as a test, suddenly stopped working. While engineers tried to determine the cause of the problem, a malfunction with the cable-laying machinery on the Niagara snapped the cable. The ships had to return to Ireland, having lost 300 miles of cable at sea. It was decided to try again the following year. The First 1858 Expedition: ANew Plan Met New Problems March 9, 1858: The Niagara sailed from New York to England, where it again stowed cable on board and met up with the Agamemnon. A new plan was for the ships to go to a point mid-ocean, splice together the portions of cable they each carried, and then sail apart as they lowered cable down to the ocean floor. June 10, 1858: The two cable-carrying ships, and a small fleet of escorts, sailed out from England. They encounter ferocious storms, which caused very difficult sailing for ships carrying the enormous weight of cable, but all survived intact. June 26, 1858: The cables on Niagara and Agamemnon were spliced together, and the operation of placing the cable began. Problems were encountered almost immediately. June 29, 1858: After three days of continuous difficulties, a break in the cable made the expedition halt and head back to England. The Second 1858 Expedition: Success Followed By Failure July 17, 1858: The ships left Cork, Ireland, to make another attempt, utilizing essentially the same plan.   July 29, 1858: At mid-ocean, the cables were spliced and Niagara and Agamemnon began steaming in opposite directions, dropping the cable between them. The two ships were able to communicate back and forth via the cable, which served as a test that all was functioning well. August 2, 1858: The Agamemnon reached Valentia harbor on the west coast of Ireland and the cable was brought ashore. August 5, 1858: The Niagara reached St. Johns, Newfoundland, and the cable was connected to the land station. A message was telegraphed to newspapers in New York alerting them of the news. The message stated that the cable crossing the ocean was 1,950 statue miles long. Celebrations broke out in New York City, Boston, and other American cities. A New York Times headline declared the new cable The Great Event of The Age. A congratulatory message was sent across the cable from Queen Victoria to President James Buchanan. When the message was relayed to Washington, American officials  at first believed the message from the British monarch to be a hoax. September 1, 1858: The cable, which had been operating for four weeks, began failing. A problem with the electrical mechanism that powered the cable proved fatal, and the cable stopped working entirely. Many in the public believed it had all been a hoax. The 1865 Expedition: New Technology, New Problems Continued attempts to lay a working cable were suspended due to a lack of funds. And the outbreak of the Civil War made the entire project impractical. The telegraph played an important role in the war, and President Lincoln used the telegraph extensively to communicate with commanders. But extending cables to another continent was far from a wartime priority. As the war was coming to an end, and Cyrus Field was able to get financial problems under control, preparations began for another expedition, this time using one enormous ship, the Great Eastern. The ship, which had been designed and built by the great Victorian engineer Isambard Brunel, had become unprofitable to operate. But its vast size made it perfect for storing and laying telegraph cable. The cable to be laid in 1865 was made with higher specifications than the 1857-58 cable. And the process of putting the cable aboard ship was greatly improved, as it was suspected that rough handling on the ships had weakened the earlier cable. The painstaking work of spooling the cable on the Great Eastern was a source of fascination for the public, and illustrations of it appeared in popular periodicals. July 15, 1865: The Great Eastern sailed from England on its mission to place the new cable. July 23, 1865: After one end of the cable was fashioned to a land station on the west coast of Ireland, the Great Eastern began to sail westward while dropping the cable. August 2, 1865: A problem with the cable necessitated repairs, and the cable broke and was lost on the sea floor. Several attempts to retrieve the cable with a grappling hook failed. August 11, 1865: Frustrated by all attempts to raise the sunken and severed cable, the Great Eastern began to steam back to England. Attempts to place the cable that year were suspended. The Successful 1866 Expedition: June 30, 1866:  The Great Eastern steamed from England with new cable aboard. July 13, 1866:  Defying superstition, on a Friday the 13th the fifth attempt since 1857 to lay the cable began. And this time the attempt to connect the continents encountered very few problems. July 18, 1866: In the only serious problem encountered on the expedition, a tangle in the cable had to be sorted out. The process took about two hours and was successful. July 27, 1866: The Great Eastern reached the shore of Canada, and the cable was brought ashore. July 28, 1866: The cable was proven successful and congratulatory messages began to travel across it. This time the connection between Europe and North America remained steady, and the two continents have been in contact, via undersea cables, to the present day. After successfully laying the 1866 cable, the expedition then located, and repaired, the cable lost in 1865. The two working cables began to change the world, and over the following decades more cables crossed the Atlantic as well as other vast bodies of water. After a decade of frustration the era of instant communication had arrived.

Texas Holdem Rules Everything You Need to Win

Texas Holdem Rules Everything You Need to Win SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Imagine this scenario: your friends invited you to a poker night. There's going to be food, booze, and poker. You want to join in on the fun, but you have no idea how to play poker. Well don't worry about missing out on beer and bonding: I'm going to teach you how to play Texas Holdem, so you too can partake in the poker festivities. Texas Holdem (aka Texas Hold 'Em) is the poker game played most often at casinos and home poker games. Becoming a great Holdem player generally takes years of practice and studying, but learning how to play doesn’t take long at all. In this article, I’ll walk you through the Texas Holdem rules. After studying this article, you’ll be able to play online, at a casino, or with your friends. Hooray! Remember, just knowing the rules won’t make you an outstanding player, but you’ll be able to play, and you can get better through practice. How to Win Texas Holdem The goal in poker is to win as many poker chips as you can, one hand at a time. Typically, different chips will represent different denominations of money. You can win chips by having the best 5-card hand or remaining in a hand and having all the other players fold, meaning they give up instead of risking additional chips. The 10 Possible Poker Hands In Holdem, each player is dealt 2 cards (â€Å"hole cards†). Then, up to 5 community cards will be flipped in the center of the table. I’ll thoroughly explain the concept of community cards later, but Texas Holdem rules dictate that your best 5-card hand out of the 7 total cards is your final hand. These are how all the different poker hands rank. The Royal Flush is the best hand and the worst is â€Å"high card.† #1: Royal Flush: A, K, Q, J, 10 all the same suit (all clubs, all diamonds, all spades, or all hearts) #2: Straight Flush: Five cards in a sequence (example: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9), all the same suit #3: Four of a Kind: Four cards of the same rank (example: four kings or four 8’s) #4: Full House: Three of a kind and a pair (example: three jacks and two 7’s) #5: Flush: Five cards of the same suit (example: five clubs or five hearts) #6: Straight: Five cards in a sequence but not of the same suit (example: 7, 8, 9, 10, J) #7: Three of a Kind/A Set: Three cards of the same rank (example: three 5’s or three kings) #8: Two Pair: Two different pairs (example: two 6’s and two 9’s) #9: Pair: Two cards of the same rank (example: two queens or two 10’s) #10: High Card: If you haven’t made any of the above hands, then your highest card determines the strength of your hand. (Example: if your highest card is an Ace, you have Ace high, and you would beat another hand in which the highest card was a King and none of the other hands were made.) If multiple players have hands that are ranked the same, the best hand is determined by the highest card within the hand. For example, if each player has a pair, then the highest pair wins. If somebody has a pair of 7’s and somebody has a pair of 5’s, the player with the pair of 7’s has a better hand. If two players have a pair of 7’s, then the player with the highest other card wins. If you're comparing two straights or flushes, then the player with the highest card within the straight or flush has the better hand. If you're comparing two full houses, the player with the highest card in the three of a kind has the better hand. In most hands of Holdem, the winning player will only have a pair, but if you play long enough, you'll see every type of hand. A straight! Texas Holdem Setup Holdem can be played with 2-10 players at a single table. Players sit around the table. Before beginning playing, each player purchases his chips. In a home game or tournament, everyone typically starts with the same number of chips. Usually, each player will put in the same amount of money and get the same number of chips. For example, everyone may put in $40 and get $2,000 in chips. At a home game, you can decide if the winner (person who ends up with all the chips or the most chips) takes all, or if you’ll end up dividing the money among the top 2-3 finishers. Each tournament has its own guidelines. At a regular casino game, the number of chips you get is based on your buy-in (the amount of money you give the dealer to receive your chips). If you spend more than the minimum buy-in, you’ll get more chips. If you buy in with $100, you’ll get $100 worth of chips. If you buy in with $200, you’ll get $200 worth of chips. At most casinos, there will be a minimum and maximum buy-in. Generally, the minimum buy-in will be 50 or 100 times the minimum bet. The Dealer Button At a home game, the dealer button is placed in front of the person who will play the role of the dealer for that hand and bet last after the initial round of betting. After each hand, the dealer button moves to the left. At a casino, there will be a casino employee who will deal each hand, and the dealer button is solely used to determine who will bet last. Again, after each hand, the dealer button moves to the left. Here’s what the dealer button looks like: John Wardell/Flickr If you’re playing a home game and don’t have an official dealer button, you can use any object to function as the dealer button. Just make sure not to use one of the same color chips that you’re using to place bets, so you don’t confuse the dealer button with a bet. The Blinds Blinds are the initial bets at the table. At the beginning of each hand, two players will post bets before any cards are dealt. These bets are referred to as the small blind and the big blind. The player to the left of the dealer button posts the small blind and the player to the left of the small blind posts the big blind. To post your blind, just place your blind in front of you on the table. The big blind is the minimum bet after cards are dealt, and the small blind is half of that. In casinos, at the tables with the lowest minimums, small blinds are usually $1 and big blinds are $2. These games are referred to as â€Å"$1-$2 holdem.† Most casinos will also offer â€Å"2-4 holdem† and â€Å"3-6 holdem.† The first number is the small blind and the second is the big blind. The purpose of the blinds is to stimulate betting. The blinds guarantee that there will be chips to win in each hand. Also, extremely conservative players are forced to make bets and can't just play for hours without risking any chips. Betting Rounds Texas Holdem involves four different rounds of betting. In each round, you normally have 3 options: you can fold, raise, or call. If you raise, you increase the bet by at least the big blind. In no limit poker, the most common type for casinos and home games, you can bet up to all of your chips. If you bet all of your chips, that’s called going all-in. In limit poker, you can only raise by a predetermined maximum amount (normally twice the big blind), and there’s only a certain number of raises allowed per betting round (usually 4-5 bets per round). If you fold, you’re giving up your hand instead of betting additional chips. When you fold, you put your cards face down in the center of the table. Never show your cards to anybody else, even when you fold. If you call, you’re matching the last bet. If somebody bets $2 and the next person raises to $8, you have to bet $8 to call. Additionally, if nobody has bet in a round, you can â€Å"check.† If you check (just say â€Å"check† or knock on the table), you’re keeping your hand and going to the next person without placing a bet. Typically, people check if they have a weak hand or they want the other players to think they have a weak hand (they’re trying to get other players to bet). You can also check if you’re the big blind and nobody has raised the big blind by the time betting action reaches you. Betting Round 1: The Pre-Flop The pre-flop betting round happens after each player receives his 2 cards and before any community cards are turned. Cards are dealt to the left (clockwise), one at a time, starting with the small blind. Betting action starts to the left of the big blind. That player has the option of calling the big blind, raising, or folding. After each person has had a turn and all remaining players have bet the same amount, the betting round is over. If somebody raises, the next person has to call the raise, raise again, or fold. If nobody raises the big blind, the big blind, who is the last person to act, can check and the betting round will be completed. But the big blind still has the option to raise. If he raises, then the remaining players will have to call, raise again, or fold. Players bet by placing their chips in front of them. At the end of the round, all the chips that have been bet go into the center of table and are referred to as â€Å"the pot.† At any point during any of the betting rounds, if all players fold, then the last remaining player wins the pot and the hand is completed. You start a new hand instead of continuing with one player. Betting Round 2: The Flop Three community cards are flipped. Every time community cards are flipped, the dealer should use a â€Å"burn card.† The burn card is the very top card on the deck. The burn card will be placed face down, and then the next three cards will be placed face up in the center of the table and will be the flop. The flop is the first three community cards. After the flop is dealt, there’s another betting round. Action will start with the first remaining player to the left of the dealer button. The same betting rules apply: players can bet, fold, or call. If nobody has placed a bet, a player can check. Again, once each player has had a turn and everyone has bet the same amount, the betting round is completed. If you have the final 7, this is a very lucky flop! (auddess/Flickr) Betting Round 3: The Turn The dealer burns a card and then flips the top card next to the flop. The turn is the fourth community card. Then, there’s another round of betting. All the same betting rules apply. Again, action starts with the first remaining player to the left of the dealer button. Betting Round 4: The River After burning a card, the dealer flips the top card next to the turn. The river is the last of the five community cards. Then, there’s one final betting round. All the same rules from the previous betting rounds are used. If there’s more than one hand remaining at the end of the round, there’s a showdown. The Showdown In a showdown, the remaining players show their hole cards, and the best hand wins the pot. The best hand is determined by comparing each player’s best 5-card hand from their 2 hole cards and the 5 community cards. If their hands are ranked the same, the player with the highest card within the hand wins. If the players have identical 5-card hands, then the players will split the pot. Also, if you don’t want to show your cards, you can â€Å"muck† your cards (place them face down in the center of the table) and automatically lose. You can do this if another player shows a better hand and you don’t want the other players to know how bad or good your hand was. In the showdown, you put all your cards on the table. Literally. (Big Daddy Brent/Flickr) How to Play Texas Holdem: Summary In Holdem, every player gets two cards, called â€Å"hole cards,† and the rest of the cards are â€Å"community cards,† which means they’re used by each player to produce the best possible five card hand. After the blinds are posted, each player is dealt two cards face down. Cards are dealt one at a time, clockwise, starting with the small blind. After everyone looks at their hole cards (never show your cards to anyone else), there’s a round of betting followed by â€Å"the flop.† For the flop, three cards are flipped from the top of the deck in the center of the table. After the flop, there’s another round of betting. Then, there’s â€Å"the turn.† For â€Å"the turn,† one additional card is flipped and placed next to the last card of the flop. Then, there’s another round of betting. Finally, there’s â€Å"the river.† For the river, one last community card is flipped and placed next to the turn. The flop, turn, and river are the five community cards. Players use their hole cards and the community cards to determine their best 5-card hand. After the river, there’s one final round of betting. If there’s more than one player remaining after the final round of betting, players show their hole cards, and the best 5-card hand wins the the pot. If all players fold before the end of the last betting round, the last remaining player wins the pot. Texas Holdem Rules Video Tutorials Here are a few video tutorials so you can see the Texas Holdem rules we just discussed in action. This first video quickly goes through the Holdem rules in under four minutes: This video is slightly longer and provides more explanation of how to play Texas Holdem: Finally, this video takes you through a complete hand of Holdem, discusses some basic strategy, and shows how you can lose with a seemingly great hand: 4 Very Basic Texas Holdem Strategies Now that you've got the basic Texas Holdem rules down, it's time to start thinking about strategy. As you become a better player, you can vary your play and develop an individual style, depending on what works best for you. However, following these strategies as a beginning player will normally give you your best odds of winning or minimizing your losses. Remember that these are just general guidelines for beginners to simplify the game. Play Tight (Especially Pre-Flop) You should only place a bet pre-flop if you have a good starting hand. Generally, good starting hands are pairs, at least one Ace, or two face cards. If you’re in the small blind, if there isn’t a raise, it’s typically in your best interest to call the big blind and see the flop. After the flop, don’t bet or call unless you have at least a pair. One notable exception is if you have at least 4 of the same suit or 4 in a sequence. Then, you have a decent possibility to make a flush or a straight. But if there’s a big bet or raise ahead of you, you may not want to call just to chase a flush or a straight. If it’s a small bet, it’s probably worth it to call. Play Aggressively When You Have a Good Hand This means that if you have a good hand, you should raise or bet. If you have a good hand pre-flop, raise 2-3 times the big blind. If you have a good hand post-flop, raise at least half of the pot. A good hand post-flop is at least top pair, meaning that one of your hole cards pairs with the highest ranked community card. If you have a good hand post-flop, don’t just check or call. You should bet or raise. You can try to get fancy and check raise, meaning that you check, and then after a player bets, you raise his bet. But normally only more advanced players use this move. If You’re the Dealer, Use Your Position to Your Advantage If you’re on the button (the dealer) or close to it, you can decide what to do based on the other players’ decisions. If everyone in front of you checks, it’s possible that nobody has a good hand and you can try to take the pot by betting. The assumption being that if you bet, everyone else will fold. If multiple people in front of you bet or raise, you can assume that somebody has a strong hand, and you should only call or raise if you have a very strong hand. Don’t Let the Outcome of Previous Hands Determine How You Play Your Current Hand In poker, even if you make the right play, it’s possible for bad things to happen. For example, if you fold a 5-7 pre-flop and three 7’s come out on the flop, that doesn’t mean that you made the wrong decision, especially if there was a raise before you folded. The odds of three 7’s coming out on the flop were incredibly low. Similarly, if you bet a good hand on the turn, then a weaker hand calls and ends up beating you by getting a lucky card on the river, you didn't make the wrong decision when you bet after the turn. It's important not to let unlucky or lucky outcomes in previous hands influence your decisions. Focus on making the right play in that situation, and you'll give yourself the best chance to win.

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